Which theological movement began in the early 1900's as a reaction to modernism?

Fundamentalism emerged in the early 1900s primarily as a response against modernism, which sought to adapt religious beliefs to contemporary scientific and philosophical ideas. This movement was characterized by a strict adherence to what its proponents viewed as the foundational truths of Christianity, including the inerrancy of Scripture, the virgin birth of Christ, and the necessity of personal salvation through faith.

Fundamentalists believed that the core teachings of Christianity were at risk due to modernist interpretations that questioned supernatural elements of faith and sought to harmonize Christian beliefs with secular reasoning. In this context, the Fundamentalist movement sought to preserve traditional doctrines and reject any theological liberalism that diminished the authority of the Bible.

The other options represent different attitudes toward theology and culture. Neo-Orthodoxy arose later in response to both modernism and fundamentalism, emphasizing the transcendent nature of God and the authority of Scripture without fully aligning with the conservative stances of fundamentalists. Humanism, on the other hand, is a secular philosophy that emphasizes human values and agency, contrasting sharply with fundamentalist views rooted in divine authority. The Radical Reformation also predated the early 1900s and focused on issues like baptism and the church's separation from the state, differing