What influenced John Knox’s theological views during his exile in Switzerland?

John Knox’s time in exile in Switzerland significantly shaped his theological perspectives, particularly through his interactions with prominent reformers such as John Calvin and Heinrich Bullinger. This period allowed Knox to engage deeply with reformist ideas and practices that were foundational to his own development as a theologian and leader of the Reformation in Scotland.

Calvin, in particular, was influential in shaping Knox’s understanding of predestination, church governance, and the relationship between the church and civil authority. Bullinger, a key figure in the Zurich Reformation, also contributed to Knox's theological framework, especially concerning the nature of the sacraments and the importance of ecclesiastical order. Through these relationships, Knox was able to refine his theological positions, which later played a major role in his churches in Scotland and his opposition to Catholicism.

While the writings of Augustine, the influence of Martin Luther, and the teachings of Erasmus were pivotal in broader Reformation theology, the direct, impactful connections Knox made with Calvin and Bullinger were crucial in crystallizing his own beliefs and strategies in reforming the church.