What doctrine addresses the nature of humanity's accountability for Adam's sin?

The doctrine that addresses the nature of humanity's accountability for Adam's sin is covenant theology. This theological perspective views the relationship between God and humanity through the framework of covenants. It emphasizes the significance of Adam's role as the federal head of humanity, meaning that his sin in the Garden of Eden brought about a condition that affects all of mankind, termed original sin. This understanding posits that all humans inherit a sinful nature because of Adam's transgression, making them accountable for their sins in light of the covenant God established with humanity.

Covenant theology also explores how God's redemptive plan unfolds through various covenants, culminating in the New Covenant established through Jesus Christ, who provides redemption from the consequences of Adam's sin. This doctrine intricately connects human accountability to Adam's actions, thereby recognizing the profound implications for salvation and grace in the Christian faith.

Other options, such as universalism, dispensationalism, and Pelagianism, do not focus on this aspect of original sin and humanity's accountability in the same way. Universalism suggests that all will ultimately be saved, dispensationalism emphasizes a different understanding of God's dealings with humanity across various historical periods, and Pelagianism denies original sin, promoting the idea that individuals can achieve